<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zldm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-6861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2588-0187</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство «ТЕСТ-ЗЛ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-9-45-51</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zldm-1278</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ И СВОЙСТВ. ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И КОНТРОЛЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TESTING OF STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERS. PHYSICAL METHODS OF TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Рентгенодифракционные исследования фазового состава α- и псевдо-α-титановых сплавов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>X-ray powder diffraction analysis of the phase composition of α- and near-α-titanium alloys</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андреев</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Andreev</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павел Валерьевич Андреев</p><p>603105, Нижний Новгород, ул. Ашхабадская, д. 4; 603951, Нижний Новгород, ул. Тропинина, д. 49</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel V. Andreev</p><p>4, ul. Ashkhabadskaya, Nizhny Novgorod, 603105; 49, ul. Tropinina, Nizhny Novgorod, 603951</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andreev@phys.unn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сметанина</surname><given-names>К. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smetanina</surname><given-names>K. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ксения Евгеньевна Сметанина</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ksenia E. Smetanina</p><p>4, ul. Ashkhabadskaya, Nizhny Novgorod, 603105</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гудзь</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gudz</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дарья Алексеевна Гудзь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Daria A. Gudz</p><p>4, ul. Ashkhabadskaya, Nizhny Novgorod, 603105</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Табачкова</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tabachkova</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталия Юрьевна Табачкова</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nataliya Yu. Tabachkova</p><p>4, Leninsky pr., Moscow, 119049; 38, ul. Vavilova, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шадрина</surname><given-names>Я. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shadrina</surname><given-names>Y. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Яна Сергеевна Шадрина</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yana S. Shadrina</p><p>4, ul. Ashkhabadskaya, Nizhny Novgorod, 603105</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский нижегородский государственный университет имени Н.И. Лобачевского; Институт химии высокочистых веществ имени Г.Г. Девятых, РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lobachevsky State University; Institute of Chemistry of High-Purity Substances, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский нижегородский государственный университет имени Н.И. Лобачевского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lobachevsky State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИТУ МИСИС; Институт общей физики имени А.М. Прохорова, РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>National University of Science and Technology MISIS; Prokhorov General Physics Institute, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>86</volume><issue>9</issue><fpage>45</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Андреев П.В., Сметанина К.Е., Гудзь Д.А., Табачкова Н.Ю., Шадрина Я.С., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Андреев П.В., Сметанина К.Е., Гудзь Д.А., Табачкова Н.Ю., Шадрина Я.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Andreev P.V., Smetanina K.E., Gudz D.A., Tabachkova N.Y., Shadrina Y.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/1278">https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/1278</self-uri><abstract><p>Титановые сплавы широко применяют в качестве материалов для элементов ядерных энергетических установок, к которым предъявляются высокие требования надежности. Цель данной работы — разработка методики рентгенодифракционного исследования образцов α- и псевдо-α-титановых сплавов ПТ-3В, ПТ-7М и ВТ1-0. Обработку поверхности образцов для испытаний с использованием рентгеновского дифрактометра Shimadzu XRD-7000 (CuKα-излучение) осуществляли с помощью полировки (механической и электрохимической) и химического травления. Установлено, что сплавы ПТ-3В и ПТ-7М характеризуются смешанной структурой, состоящей из α- и α’-фаз, по границам зерен которых наблюдается выделение субмикронных частиц β-фазы. Результаты рентгенофазового анализа, которые сопоставляли с данными металлографии и электронной микроскопии, в значительной степени зависят от способа, качества и продолжительности обработки поверхности. Электрохимическая полировка и обработка кислотой приводят к уменьшению ширины дифракционных максимумов и более явному проявлению их «тонкой» структуры. «Расщепление» основных рентгеновских пиков титана — следствие тонкой структуры первичного рентгеновского излучения (Kα1,2-дублет). Зависимость от способа и качества подготовки поверхности снижает достоверность количественного анализа фазового состава. Поэтому необходима верификация результатов с помощью прямых методик исследования структуры сплавов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Titanium alloys are widely used as materials for the elements of nuclear power plants, which are subject to high reliability requirements. The goal of the study is to develop X-ray diffraction analysis of the phase composition of α- and near-α-titanium alloys. Surface treatment of the samples of titanium alloys PT-3V, PT-7M and VT1-0 was carried out by mechanical, electrochemical polishing and chemical etching. It is shown that PT-3V and PT-7M alloys are characterized by a mixed structure consisting of α- and α’-phases with precipitation of submicron particles of the β-phase along the grain boundaries. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis of the samples obtained on an X-ray diffractometer Shimadzu XRD-7000 (CuKα radiation) were compared with the data of metallography and electron microscopy. It is shown that the results of X-ray diffraction analysis strongly depend on the method, quality and duration of the surface treatment of the samples. Electrochemical polishing and acid treatment reduce the width of diffraction peaks and lead to a more pronounced manifestation of their «fine» structure thus demonstrating the presence of at least two crystalline phases in the alloys. «Splitting» of the main X-ray peaks of titanium is a consequence of the fine structure of primary X-ray radiation (Kα1,2-doublet). Presence of «fine» structure of X-ray peaks and correlation between the intensities of different peaks appears to depend essentially on the mode and quality of surface treatment of the titanium alloy thus reducing the reliability of quantitative analysis of the phase composition of titanium alloys without verification of the results by direct methods of studying alloy structure.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>титановые сплавы</kwd><kwd>рентгеновский фазовый анализ</kwd><kwd>механическая полировка</kwd><kwd>электрохимическая полировка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>titanium alloys</kwd><kwd>X-ray phase analysis</kwd><kwd>mechanical polishing</kwd><kwd>electromechanical polishing</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РНФ (грант № 19-73-00295). Авторы благодарят П. В. Тряева (АО «ОКБМ Африкантов», г. Нижний Новгород) за предоставление образцов и проведение работ по анализу химического состава титановых сплавов, А. В. Пискунова (ННГУ имени Н. И. Лобачевского, г. Нижний Новгород) за рекомендации по выбору режимов электрополировки образцов</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горынин И. В., Чечулин Б. Б. Титан в машиностроении. — М.: Машиностроение, 1990. — 400 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorynin I. V., Chechulin B. B. Titanium in mechanical engineering. — Moscow: Mashinostroenie, 1990. — 400 p. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горынин И. В., Орыщенко А. С., Леонов В. П. и др. Морские титановые сплавы — настоящее и будущее / Вопросы материаловедения. 2014. № 2. С. 36 – 47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oryshchenko A. S., Gorynin I. V., Leonov V. P., et al. Marine Titanium Alloys — Present and Future / Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res. 2015. Vol. 6. P. 571 – 579. DOI: 10.1134/S2075113315060106.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горынин И. В., Леонов В. П., Кудрявцев А. С. и др. Титановые сплавы в паротурбиностроении / Вопросы материаловедения. 2014. № 2. С. 48 – 62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leonov V. P., Gorynin I. V., Kudryavtsev A. S., et al. Titanium alloys in stream turbine construction / Inorg. Mater. Appl. Res. 2015. Vol. 6. P. 580 – 590. DOI: 10.1134/S2075113315060076.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Орыщенко А. С., Леонов В. П., Ртищева Л. П. и др. Современное состояние производства и применение труб из титановых сплавов в атомной энергетике и судостроении / Титан. 2018. № 3(61). С. 21 – 32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oryshchenko A. S., Leonov V. P., Rtishcheva L. P., et al. Current state of production and use of pipes made of titanium alloys in nuclear power engineering and shipbuilding / Titan. 2018. Vol. 3(61). P. 21 – 32 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chuvildeev V. N., Kopylov V. I., Nokhrin A. V., et al. Study of mechanical properties and corrosive resistance of ultrafine-grained a-titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2V / Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. Vol. 723. P. 354 – 367. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuvildeev V. N., Kopylov V. I., Nokhrin A. V., et al. Study of mechanical properties and corrosive resistance of ultrafine-grained a-titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2V / Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2017. Vol. 723. P. 354 – 367. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.06.220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chuvildeev V. N., Kopylov V. I., Nokhrin A. V., et al. Effect of severe plastic deformation realized by rotary swaging on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of near-α-titanium alloy Ti-2.5Al-2.6Zr / Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019. Vol. 785. P. 1233 – 1244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuvildeev V. N., Kopylov V. I., Nokhrin A. V., et al. Effect of severe plastic deformation realized by rotary swaging on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of near-α-titanium alloy Ti-2.5Al-2.6Zr / Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019. Vol. 785. P. 1233 – 1244. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.01.268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chuvildeev V. N., Kopylov V. I., Berendeev N. N., et al. Corrosion fatigue crack initiation in ultrafine-grained near-α titanium alloy PT7M prepared by Rotary Swaging / Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019. Vol. 790. P. 347 – 362. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.03.146.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chuvildeev V. N., Kopylov V. I., Berendeev N. N., et al. Corrosion fatigue crack initiation in ultrafine-grained near-α titanium alloy PT7M prepared by Rotary Swaging / Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2019. Vol. 790. P. 347 – 362. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.03.146.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чечулин Б. Б. Титановые сплавы в машиностроении. — Л.: Машиностроение, 1977. — 248 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chechulin B. B. Titanium alloys in mechanical engineering. — Leningrad: Mashinostroenie, 1977. — 248 p. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аношкин Н. Ф. Титановые сплавы. Металлография титановых сплавов. — М.: Металлургия, 1980. — 464 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anoshkin N. F. Titanium alloys. Metallography of titanium alloys. — Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1980. — 464 p. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попилов Л. Я., Зайцева Л. П. Электрополирование и электротравление металлографических шлифов. — М.: Металлургиздат, 1963. — 410 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popilov L. Ya., Zaitseva L. P. Electropolishing and Etching of Metallographic Grindings. — Moscow: Metallurgizdat, 1963. — 410 p. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cunying Xu, Yixin Hua. Electrochemical Preparation of Titanium and its Alloy in Ionic Liquid. Chapter 18 / Ionic Liquids — Current State of the Art. — IntechOpen, 2015. P. 481 – 503. DOI: 10.5772/59141.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cunying Xu, Yixin Hua. Electrochemical Preparation of Titanium and its Alloy in Ionic Liquid. Chapter 18 / Ionic Liquids — Current State of the Art. — IntechOpen, 2015. P. 481 – 503. DOI: 10.5772/59141.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anasane S., Bhattacharyya B. Electrochemical Micromachining of Titanium and Its Alloys / Non-Traditional Micromachining Processes. — Springer International Publishing, 2017. P. 337 – 365. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52009-4_9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anasane S., Bhattacharyya B. Electrochemical Micromachining of Titanium and Its Alloys / Non-Traditional Micromachining Processes. — Springer International Publishing, 2017. P. 337 – 365. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-52009-4_9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Donachie M. J. Titanium: a technical guide. — ASM International, 2000. — 381 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Donachie M. J. Titanium: a technical guide. — ASM International, 2000. — 381 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malinov S., Sha W., Guo Z., et al. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the phase transformations in titanium alloys / Materials Characterization. 2002. Vol. 48. P. 279 – 295. DOI: 10.1016/S1044-5803(02)00286-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malinov S., Sha W., Guo Z., et al. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the phase transformations in titanium alloys / Materials Characterization. 2002. Vol. 48. P. 279 – 295. DOI: 10.1016/S1044-5803(02)00286-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boonchuduang T., Bootchanont A., Klysubun W., et al. Formation of Alpha-Case Layer During Investment Casting of Pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Using Comparative XRD and EXAFS Investigation / Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2020. Vol. 51. P. 586 – 596. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-019-05541-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boonchuduang T., Bootchanont A., Klysubun W., et al. Formation of Alpha-Case Layer During Investment Casting of Pure Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Using Comparative XRD and EXAFS Investigation / Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 2020. Vol. 51. P. 586 – 596. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-019-05541-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
