<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zldm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-6861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2588-0187</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство «ТЕСТ-ЗЛ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26896/1028-6861-2020-86-10-41-45</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zldm-1298</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ И СВОЙСТВ. МЕХАНИКА МАТЕРИАЛОВ: ПРОЧНОСТЬ, РЕСУРС, БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TESTING OF STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERS. MECHANICAL TESTING METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Electroplastic effect in specimens of duplex stainless steel under tension</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Electroplastic effect in specimens of duplex stainless steel under tension</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Gennari</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gennari</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Claudio Gennari</p><p>Department of Industrial Engineering</p><p>9, Via Marzolo, Padova, 35131</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Claudio Gennari</p><p>Department of Industrial Engineering</p><p>9, Via Marzolo, Padova, 35131</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">claudio.gennari@unipd.it</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Calliari</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Calliari</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Irene Calliari</p><p>Department of Industrial Engineering</p><p>9, Via Marzolo, Padova, 35131</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irene Calliari</p><p>Department of Industrial Engineering</p><p>9, Via Marzolo, Padova, 35131</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Stolyarov</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stolyarov</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Vladimir Stolyarov</p><p>4, M. Kharitonievsky per., Moscow, 101990</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Stolyarov</p><p>4, M. Kharitonievsky per., Moscow, 101990</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>University of Padova</institution><country>Италия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Padova</institution><country>Italy</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of RAS</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>86</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Gennari C., Calliari I., Stolyarov V., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Gennari C., Calliari I., Stolyarov V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gennari C., Calliari I., Stolyarov V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/1298">https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/1298</self-uri><abstract><p>Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) possess a typical biphasic microstructure consisting of equal amount of ferrite and austenite, which provides better combination of the mechanical and corrosion properties compared to the austenitic grade. Despite their good processability, they suffer from embrittlement of secondary phases in a very specific temperature range 450 – 1000°C depending on the composition. Solubilizing treatment after processing is required to obtain a perfect balance between austenite and ferrite and moreover, to dissolve any secondary phases that could have been formed during processing. This implies very high energy consumption of forming processes due to a high temperature (above 1000°C) or high power needed for the forming machines. The electroplastic effect could be used to reduce the force needed to form the material and extend the forming limits. The effect consists in direct interaction between the electrons of the electrical current and the ions of the material. The current mode (e.g., continuous current, pulsed current, pulse duration and duty cycle) plays an important role in the occurrence and the extent of the electroplastic effect. The electroplastic effect is investigated under tension in two-phase duplex stainless steel UNS S32205. Tensile tests under different current conditions (current density and frequency) are compared to room temperature tests. The best effect in terms of reduction of the ultimate tensile strength and increase in the fracture strain is achieved by introducing a multi-pulse current with the maximum density and pulse duration.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Duplex stainless steels (DSSs) possess a typical biphasic microstructure consisting of equal amount of ferrite and austenite, which provides better combination of the mechanical and corrosion properties compared to the austenitic grade. Despite their good processability, they suffer from embrittlement of secondary phases in a very specific temperature range 450 – 1000°C depending on the composition. Solubilizing treatment after processing is required to obtain a perfect balance between austenite and ferrite and moreover, to dissolve any secondary phases that could have been formed during processing. This implies very high energy consumption of forming processes due to a high temperature (above 1000°C) or high power needed for the forming machines. The electroplastic effect could be used to reduce the force needed to form the material and extend the forming limits. The effect consists in direct interaction between the electrons of the electrical current and the ions of the material. The current mode (e.g., continuous current, pulsed current, pulse duration and duty cycle) plays an important role in the occurrence and the extent of the electroplastic effect. The electroplastic effect is investigated under tension in two-phase duplex stainless steel UNS S32205. Tensile tests under different current conditions (current density and frequency) are compared to room temperature tests. The best effect in terms of reduction of the ultimate tensile strength and increase in the fracture strain is achieved by introducing a multi-pulse current with the maximum density and pulse duration.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>stainless steel</kwd><kwd>tension</kwd><kwd>electroplastic effect</kwd><kwd>multipulse current</kwd><kwd>current density</kwd><kwd>frequency</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>stainless steel</kwd><kwd>tension</kwd><kwd>electroplastic effect</kwd><kwd>multipulse current</kwd><kwd>current density</kwd><kwd>frequency</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsieh C. C., Wu W. Overview of Intermetallic Sigma Phase Precipitation in Stainless Steels / ISRN Metall. 2012. Vol. 2012. P. 1 – 16. DOI: 10.5402/2012/732471.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsieh C. C., Wu W. Overview of Intermetallic Sigma Phase Precipitation in Stainless Steels / ISRN Metall. 2012. Vol. 2012. P. 1 – 16. DOI: 10.5402/2012/732471.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kashiwar A., Vennela N. P., Kamath S. L., Khatirkar R. K. Effect of solution annealing temperature on precipitation in 2205 duplex stainless steel / Mater. Charact. 2012. Vol. 7. P. 55 – 63. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2012.09.008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kashiwar A., Vennela N. P., Kamath S. L., Khatirkar R. K. Effect of solution annealing temperature on precipitation in 2205 duplex stainless steel / Mater. Charact. 2012. Vol. 7. P. 55 – 63. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2012.09.008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nilsson J. O., in: Duplex stainless steels / J. O. Nilsson, Ed. — Maastricht, Netherlands: KCI Publishing, 1997. P. 73 – 82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nilsson J. O., in: Duplex stainless steels / J. O. Nilsson, Ed. — Maastricht, Netherlands: KCI Publishing, 1997. P. 73 – 82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chan K. W., Tjong S. C. Effect of secondary phase precipitation on the corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steels / Materials (Basel). 2014. Vol. 7. P. 5268 – 5304. DOI: 10.3390/ma7075268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan K. W., Tjong S. C. Effect of secondary phase precipitation on the corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steels / Materials (Basel). 2014. Vol. 7. P. 5268 – 5304. DOI: 10.3390/ma7075268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gennari C., Pezzato L., Piva E., Gobbo R., Calliari I. Influence of small amount and different morphology of secondary phases on impact toughness of UNS S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel / Mater. Sci. Eng. A2018. Vol. 729. P. 149 – 156. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.063.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gennari C., Pezzato L., Piva E., Gobbo R., Calliari I. Influence of small amount and different morphology of secondary phases on impact toughness of UNS S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel / Mater. Sci. Eng. A2018. Vol. 729. P. 149 – 156. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.05.063.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sorg M., Hörtnagl A., Wendeler C., Gümpel P., in: ESSC and DUPLEX 2019 — 10th European Stainless Steel Conference — Science and Market, 6th European Duplex Stainless Steel Conference and Exhibition, 2019. P. 407 – 413.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sorg M., Hörtnagl A., Wendeler C., Gümpel P., in: ESSC and DUPLEX 2019 — 10th European Stainless Steel Conference — Science and Market, 6th European Duplex Stainless Steel Conference and Exhibition, 2019. P. 407 – 413.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Troitskii, O. A., Stashenko V. I. Electroplastic wire drawing: A promising method of production of lightweight wire and cable / J. Mach. Manuf. Reliab. 2015. Vol. 44. P. 758 – 765. DOI: 10.3103/S1052618815080087.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troitskii, O. A., Stashenko V. I. Electroplastic wire drawing: A promising method of production of lightweight wire and cable / J. Mach. Manuf. Reliab. 2015. Vol. 44. P. 758 – 765. DOI: 10.3103/S1052618815080087.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Conrad H., Sprecher A. F., Cao W. O., Lu X. P. The Effect of Electricity on the Mechanical Properties of Metals / J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. 1990. Vol. 42. P. 28 – 33. DOI: 10.1007/BF03221075.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Conrad H., Sprecher A. F., Cao W. O., Lu X. P. The Effect of Electricity on the Mechanical Properties of Metals / J. Miner. Met. Mater. Soc. 1990. Vol. 42. P. 28 – 33. DOI: 10.1007/BF03221075.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Troitskii O. A. The electroplastic effect in metals / Dislocations Solids. 8 Basic Probl. Appl. 1984. Vol. 1. P. 497 – 540.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Troitskii O. A. The electroplastic effect in metals / Dislocations Solids. 8 Basic Probl. Appl. 1984. Vol. 1. P. 497 – 540.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stolyarov V. Features of Electroplastic Effect in Alloys with Martensite Transformation / Acta Metall. Sin. (English Letters). 2018. Vol. 31. P. 1305 – 1310. DOI: 10.1007/s40195-018-0747-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stolyarov V. Features of Electroplastic Effect in Alloys with Martensite Transformation / Acta Metall. Sin. (English Letters). 2018. Vol. 31. P. 1305 – 1310. DOI: 10.1007/s40195-018-0747-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stolyarov V. V. Electroplastic effect in nanocrystal and amorphous alloys / Inorg. Mater. 2016. Vol. 52. P. 1541 – 1544. DOI: 10.1134/S0020168516150152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stolyarov V. V. Electroplastic effect in nanocrystal and amorphous alloys / Inorg. Mater. 2016. Vol. 52. P. 1541 – 1544. DOI: 10.1134/S0020168516150152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gennari C., Pezzato L., Simonetto E., Gobbo R., Forzan M., and Calliari I. Investigation of Electroplastic Effect on Four Grades of Duplex Stainless Steels / Materials (Basel). 2019. Vol. 12. P. 1911. DOI: 10.3390/ma12121911.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gennari C., Pezzato L., Simonetto E., Gobbo R., Forzan M., and Calliari I. Investigation of Electroplastic Effect on Four Grades of Duplex Stainless Steels / Materials (Basel). 2019. Vol. 12. P. 1911. DOI: 10.3390/ma12121911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fan R., Magargee J., Hu P., Cao J. Influence of grain size and grain boundaries on the thermal and mechanical behavior of 70/30 brass under electrically-assisted deformation / Mater. Sci. Eng. A2013. Vol. 574. P. 218 – 225. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.066.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fan R., Magargee J., Hu P., Cao J. Influence of grain size and grain boundaries on the thermal and mechanical behavior of 70/30 brass under electrically-assisted deformation / Mater. Sci. Eng. A2013. Vol. 574. P. 218 – 225. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.02.066.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stolyarov V. V., Tsarenko Y. V., Rubanik V. V. Features of the deformation behavior under pulse current and ultrasound in materials with phase transformation / IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/447/1/012048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stolyarov V. V., Tsarenko Y. V., Rubanik V. V. Features of the deformation behavior under pulse current and ultrasound in materials with phase transformation / IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/447/1/012048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gennari C., Pezzato L., Tarabotti G., Zambon A., Di Schino A., Calliari I., Schino A. Di, Calliari I., Di Schino A., Calliari I. Influence of Electropulsing Treatments on Mechanical Properties of UNS S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel / Materials (Basel). 2020. Vol. 13. P. 1613. DOI: 10.3390/ma13071613.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gennari C., Pezzato L., Tarabotti G., Zambon A., Di Schino A., Calliari I., Schino A. Di, Calliari I., Di Schino A., Calliari I. Influence of Electropulsing Treatments on Mechanical Properties of UNS S32750 Duplex Stainless Steel / Materials (Basel). 2020. Vol. 13. P. 1613. DOI: 10.3390/ma13071613.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kapoor R., Sunil S., Bharat Reddy G., Nagaraju S., Kolge T. S., Sarkar S. K., Sarita, Biswas A., Sharma A. Electric current induced precipitation in maraging steel / Scr. Mater. 2018. Vol. 154. P. 16 – 19. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.05.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kapoor R., Sunil S., Bharat Reddy G., Nagaraju S., Kolge T. S., Sarkar S. K., Sarita, Biswas A., Sharma A. Electric current induced precipitation in maraging steel / Scr. Mater. 2018. Vol. 154. P. 16 – 19. DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.05.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao J., Wang G. X., Dong Y., Ye C. Multiscale modeling of localized resistive heating in nanocrystalline metals subjected to electropulsing / J. Appl. Phys. 2017. Vol. 122.085101. DOI: 10.1063/1.4998938.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao J., Wang G. X., Dong Y., Ye C. Multiscale modeling of localized resistive heating in nanocrystalline metals subjected to electropulsing / J. Appl. Phys. 2017. Vol. 122.085101. DOI: 10.1063/1.4998938.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruszkiewicz B. J., Mears L., Roth J. T. Investigation of Heterogeneous Joule Heating as the Explanation for the Transient Electroplastic Stress Drop in Pulsed Tension of 7075-T6 Aluminum / J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2018. Vol. 140. P. 091014. DOI: 10.1115/1.4040349.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruszkiewicz B. J., Mears L., Roth J. T. Investigation of Heterogeneous Joule Heating as the Explanation for the Transient Electroplastic Stress Drop in Pulsed Tension of 7075-T6 Aluminum / J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 2018. Vol. 140. P. 091014. DOI: 10.1115/1.4040349.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
