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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zldm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-6861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2588-0187</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство «ТЕСТ-ЗЛ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26896/1028-6861-2021-87-8-51-63</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zldm-1471</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ И СВОЙСТВ. МЕХАНИКА МАТЕРИАЛОВ: ПРОЧНОСТЬ, РЕСУРС, БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TESTING OF STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERS. MECHANICAL TESTING METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Волокна карбида кремния и нитевидные кристаллы для композиционных материалов с керамической матрицей (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Silicon carbide fibers and whiskers for ceramic matrix composites (review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестаков</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Михайлович Шестаков</p><p>Россия, 105005, Москва, ул. Радио, 17</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksey Mikhaylovich Shestakov</p><p>17, Radio ul., Moscow, 105005, Russia</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexej-85@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт авиационных материалов</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Aviation Materials</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>87</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>51</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шестаков А.М., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шестаков А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shestakov A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/1471">https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/1471</self-uri><abstract><p>Одной из основных задач, решаемых в процессе создания перспективных образцов авиационной и ракетно-космической техники в целях повышения их технических характеристик, является увеличение диапазона температур эксплуатации элементов конструкций и узлов летательных аппаратов (ЛА). Наиболее теплонагруженные конструкции ЛА, такие как камера сгорания, сегменты турбины высокого давления, створки сопла с управляемым вектором тяги, должны обладать длительным ресурсом работы в условиях воздействия высоких температур, окислительной среды, продуктов сгорания топлива, переменных механических и тепловых нагрузок. В то же время современные жаропрочные сплавы на основе Ti и Ni достигли предела своих рабочих температур. В связи с этим ведущие мировые производители ЛА — General Electric (США), Rolls-Royce High Temperature Composite Inc. (США), Snecma Propulsion Solide (Франция) — активно проводят фундаментальные исследования по созданию керамических материалов, выдерживающих высокие (1300 – 1600 °C) и сверхвысокие (2000 – 2500 °C) рабочие температуры. Однако керамические материалы имеют ряд недостатков, обусловленных высокой хрупкостью и низкой трещиностойкостью монолитной керамики. Кроме того, из керамики проблематично изготавливать детали больших габаритов и сложной конфигурации. В настоящее время для рабочих температур выше 1200 °C перспективными являются керамические композиционные материалы с высокотемпературной матрицей, например, на основе ZrC – SiC, и армирующим наполнителем — неорганическим волокном, например карбидокремниевым. Изделия, изготовленные из таких материалов, обладают повышенной энергоэффективностью. Керамические волокна на основе соединений кремния имеют хорошие механические свойства: предел прочности при растяжении — более 2 ГПа; модуль упругости — более 200 ГПа; термическую стойкость при температурах выше 800 °C. Поэтому данные керамические волокна — неотъемлемый армирующий компонент в металлических и керамических композиционных материалах. В данном обзоре рассмотрены керновые волокна карбида кремния, полученные методом химического осаждения карбида кремния из газовой фазы на вольфрамовый или углеродный керн. Такая технология позволяет получать волокна диаметром 100 – 150 мкм для их применения в составе композитов с металлической матрицей. Также рассмотрены бескерновые SiC-волокна, диаметр которых составляет 10 – 20 мкм, полученные путем формования из расплава полимерного прекурсора и использующиеся преимущественно для керамических композитов. Приведен сравнительный анализ фазового состава, физико-механических свойств и термоокислительной стойкости волокон, полученных разными способами. В качестве армирующих наполнителей для композиционных материалов описаны также нитевидные кристаллы («усы»), приведены способы их получения и свойства. Показаны перспективы применения различных волокон и нитевидных кристаллов в качестве армирующих наполнителей для композитов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An increase the operating temperature range of structural elements and aircraft assemblies is one of the main goals in developing advanced and new models of aerospace equipment to improve their technical characteristics. The most heat-loaded aircraft structures, such as a combustion chamber, high-pressure turbine segments, nozzle flaps with a controlled thrust vector, must have a long service life under conditions of high temperatures, an oxidizing environment, fuel combustion products, and variable mechanical and thermal loads. At the same time, modern Ti and Ni-based superalloys have reached the limits of their operating temperatures. The leading world aircraft manufacturers — General Electric (USA), Rolls-Royce High Temperature Composite Inc. (USA), Snecma Propulsion Solide (France) — actively conduct fundamental research in developing ceramic materials with high (1300 – 1600°C) and ultrahigh (2000 – 2500°C) operating temperatures. However, ceramic materials have a number of shortcomings attributed to the high brittleness and low crack resistance of monolithic ceramics. Moreover, manufacturing of complex configuration and large-sized ceramic parts faces serious difficulties. Nowadays, ceramic composite materials with a high-temperature matrix (e.g., based on ZrC-SiC) and reinforcing filler, an inorganic fiber, (e.g., silicon carbide) appeared most promising for operating temperatures above 1200°C and exhibited enhanced energy efficiency. Ceramic fibers based on silicon compounds possess excellent mechanical properties: the tensile strength more than 2 GPa, modulus of elasticity more than 200 GPa, and thermal resistance at a temperature above 800°C, thus making them an essential reinforcing component in metal and ceramic composites. This review is devoted to silicon carbide core fibers obtained by chemical vapor deposition of silicon carbide onto a tungsten or carbon core, which makes it possible to obtain fibers a 100 – 150 μm in diameter to be used in composites with a metal matrix. The coreless SiC-fibers with a diameter of 10 – 20 μm obtained by molding a polymer precursor from a melt and used mainly in ceramic composites are also considered. A comparative analysis of the phase composition, physical and mechanical properties and thermal-oxidative resistance of fibers obtained by different methods is presented. Whiskers (filamentary crystals) are also considered as reinforcing fillers for composite materials along with their properties and methods of production. The prospects of using different fibers and whiskers as reinforcing fillers for composites are discussed.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>карбид кремния</kwd><kwd>керамические волокна</kwd><kwd>нитевидные кристаллы</kwd><kwd>нитрид кремния</kwd><kwd>термоокислительная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>фазовый состав</kwd><kwd>физико-механические свойства</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>silicon carbide</kwd><kwd>ceramic fibers</kwd><kwd>whiskers</kwd><kwd>silicon nitride</kwd><kwd>thermal-oxidative stability</kwd><kwd>phase composition</kwd><kwd>physical and mechanical properties</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shestakov A. M. 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