<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zldm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-6861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2588-0187</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство «ТЕСТ-ЗЛ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26896/1028-6861-2022-88-ll-32-40</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zldm-1789</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ И СВОЙСТВ. ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ МЕТОДЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ И КОНТРОЛЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TESTING OF STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERS. PHYSICAL METHODS OF TESTING AND QUALITY CONTROL</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ОБЪЕМНОЙ ДОЛИ МИКРОПОРИСТОСТИ В МОНОКРИСТАЛЛАХ НИКЕЛЕВЫХ ЖАРОПРОЧНЫХ СПЛАВОВ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>DETERMINATION OF THE VOLUME FRACTION OF THE MICROPOROSITY IN NICKEL-BASED SUPERALLOY SINGLE CRYSTALS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Епишин</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Epishin</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александр Игоревич Епишин</p><p>142432, Московская обл., г. Черноголовка, ул. Академика Осипьяна, д. 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander I. Epishin</p><p>142432, Moscow obl., Chernogolovka, ul. Akademika Osipyana, 8</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.epishin2021@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алымов</surname><given-names>М. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alymov</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михаил Иванович Алымов</p><p>142432, Московская обл., г. Черноголовка, ул. Академика Осипьяна, д. 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail I. Alymov</p><p>142432, Moscow obl., Chernogolovka, ul. Akademika Osipyana, 8</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт структурной макрокинетики и проблем материаловедения имени А. Г. Мержанова РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Merzhanov Institute of Structural Macrokinetics and Materials Science, RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>88</volume><issue>11</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Епишин А.И., Алымов М.И., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Епишин А.И., Алымов М.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Epishin A.I., Alymov M.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/1789">https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/1789</self-uri><abstract><p>Микропористость — опасный дефект, наблюдающийся в монокристаллических газотурбинных лопатках, отливаемых из жаропрочных никелевых сплавов (ЖНС). Объемная доля пористости в монокристаллических сплавах не превышает нескольких десятых долей процента, однако она многократно сокращает долговечность материала лопатки газовых турбин в условиях усталостного нагружения. В работе представлены результаты определения объемной доли пористости в монокристаллических ЖНС. В качестве тест-объекта использовали монокристаллы ЖНС CMSX-4, полученные по технологии, применяемой в промышленности для изготовления монокристаллических лопаток. Установлено, что применяемые для определения методы, за исключением оптической микроскопии, имеют точность, достаточную для измерения объемной доли микропористости величиной около 0,2 % об. Наибольшую точность со статистической ошибкой ±0,01% об. показал метод Архимеда с использованием в качестве жидкости дистиллированной воды. Метод позволяет измерять небольшие (до нескольких сотых долей процента объема) увеличения пористости в процессе высокотемпературной ползучести. Полученные результаты могут быть использованы при прецизионном определении пористости в монокристаллических ЖНС до и после эксплуатации. Кроме того, процесс высокотемпературной ползучести можно моделировать, применяя корреляционное соотношение между повышением пористости монокристаллического материала и накопленной деформацией ползучести.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Microporosity is a dangerous defect of single crystal gas turbine blades cast from nickel-based superalloys (NBS). The volume fraction of the porosity in single crystal alloys does not exceed a few tenths of a percent, however, it can result in manyfold shortening of the lifetime of the blade material under fatigue loading. We present the results of determining the volume fraction of the porosity in single crystal NBS. Single crystals of NBS CMSX-4 obtained according to the industrial technology of manufacturing the single crystal blades of gas turbines were used as a test object. It is found that the applied methods, with the exception of optical microscopy, have an accuracy sufficient for measuring the volume fraction of the microporosity of about 0.2 %vol. The highest accuracy with a statistical error of about ±0.01 %vol. was attained using the Archimedes method using distilled water as a liquid. The method provides the determination of small (up to a few hundredths of a percent by volume) increase of the porosity during high-temperature creep. The results obtained can be used for precise determination of the porosity in NBS single crystals before and after service. Moreover, the process of high-temperature creep can be modeled using a correlation relationship between an increase in the porosity of single crystal material and the accumulated creep strain.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>никелевые жаропрочные сплавы</kwd><kwd>монокристаллы</kwd><kwd>пористость</kwd><kwd>электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>рентгеновская томография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nickel-based superalloys</kwd><kwd>single crystals</kwd><kwd>porosity</kwd><kwd>electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>X-ray tomography.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 22-19-00126).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naze L., Maurel V, Eggeler G., et al. Nickel base single crystals across length scales. — Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021. — 610 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naze L., Maurel V, Eggeler G., et al. Nickel base single crystals across length scales. — Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2021. — 610 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрушин H. В., Висик E. M., Елютин E. С. Усовершенствование состава и структуры литейного жаропрочного никелевого сплава с малой плотностью. Ч. 1 / Труды ВИАМ. 2021. Т. 97. № 3. С. 3-15. DOI:10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-3-3-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrushin N. V, Visik E. M., Elyutin E. S. Improvement of the chemical composition and structure of castable nickel-based superalloy with low density. Part 1 / Tr. VIAM. 2021. Vol. 97. N 3 [in Russian]. DOI:10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-3-3-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петрушин Н. В., Висик Е. М., Елютин Е. С. Усовершенствование состава и структуры литейного жаропрочного никелевого сплава с малой плотностью. Ч. 2 / Труды ВИАМ. 2021. Т. 98. № 4. С. 3-15. DOI:10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-4-3-15</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrushin N. V, Visik E. M., Elyutin E. S. Improvement of the chemical composition and structure of castable nickel-based superalloy with low density. Part 2. / Tr. VIAM. 2021. Vol. 98. N 4. P 3-15 [in Russian]. DOI:10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-4-3-15</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lecomte-Beckers J. Study of microporosity formation in nickel-base superalloys / Metall. Trans. A. 1988. Vol. 19. N 9. P 2341-2348. DOI:10.1007/BF02645058</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lecomte-Beckers J. Study of microporosity formation in nickel-base superalloys / Metall. Trans. A. 1988. Vol. 19. N 9. P 2341-2348. DOI:10.1007/BF02645058</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Толораия В. H., Зуев А. Г., Светлов И. Л. Влияние режимов направленной кристаллизации и термообработки на пористость в монокристаллах никелевых жаропрочных сплавов / Известия АН СССР. Металлы, 1991. № 5. С. 70-75.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toloraya V N., Zuev A. G., Svetlov I. L. Effect of conditions of directed solidification and heat treatment on porosity in creep resistant nickel alloy single crystals / Izv. AN SSSR. Metally 1991. N 5. P 70-75 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Висик Е. М., Филонова Е. В., Ечин А. В., Чабина Е. Б. Исследование влияния условий направленной кристаллизации на структуру литых лопаток из жаропрочных никелевых сплавов / Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов. 2022. Т. 88. № 5. С. 34-41. DOI:10.26896/1028-6861-2022-88-5-34-41</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Visik E. M., Filonova E. V, Echin А. В., Chabina E. B. The effect of conditions of directional crystallization on the structure of cast blades made of nickel superalloys / Zavod. Lab. Diagn. Mater. 2022. Vol. 88. N 5. P 34-41 [in Russian]. DOI:10.26896/1028-6861-2022-88-5-34-41</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anton D. L., Giamei A. F. Porosity distribution and growth during homogenization in single crystals of a nickel-base superalloy / Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 1985. Vol. 76. P 173-180. DOI:10.1016/0025-5416(85)90091-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anton D. L., Giamei A. F. Porosity distribution and growth during homogenization in single crystals of a Nickel-base superalloy / Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 1985. Vol. 76. P 173-180. DOI:10.1016/0025-5416(85)90091-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epishin A., Link Т., Svetlov I., et al. Mechanism of porosity growth during homogenisation in single crystal nickel-based superalloys / Int. J. Mater. Res. 2013. Vol. 104. N 8. P 776-782. DOI:10.3139/146.110924</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epishin A., Link Т., Svetlov I., et al. Mechanism of porosity growth during homogenisation in single crystal nickel-based superalloys / Int. J. Mater. Res. 2013. Vol. 104. N 8. P 776-782. DOI:10.3139/146.110924</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Comenda J., Henderson P. Growth of pores during the creep of a single crystal nickel-dase superalloys / Scripta Mater. 1977. Vol. 37. N 1. P 1821-1826.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Comenda J., Henderson P. Growth of pores during the creep of a single crystal nickel-dase superalloys / Scripta Mater. 1977. Vol. 37. N 1. P 1821-1826.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epishin A., Link T. Mechanisms of high-temperature creep of nickel-based superalloys under low applied stresses / Philos. Mag. 2004. Vol. 84. N 19. P 1979-2000. DOI:10.1080/14786430410001663240</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epishin A., Link T. Mechanisms of high-temperature creep of nickel-based superalloys under low applied stresses / Philos. Mag. 2004. Vol. 84. N 19. P 1979-2000. DOI:10.1080/14786430410001663240</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">le Graverend J.-B., Adrien J., Cormier J. Ex-situ X-ray tomography characterization of porosity during high-temperature creep in a Ni-based single-crystal superalloy: Toward understanding what is damage / Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2017. Vol. 695. P 367-378. DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.083</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">le Graverend J.-B., Adrien J., Cormier J. Ex-situ X-ray tomography characterization of porosity during high-temperature creep in a Ni-based single-crystal superalloy: Toward understanding what is damage / Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2017. Vol. 695. P 367-378. DOI:10.1016/j.msea.2017.03.083</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fullagar K., Broomfield R., Hulands M., et al. Aero engine test experience with CMSX-4® alloy single-crystal turbine blades / J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. 1996. Vol. 118. N 2. P 380-388. DOI:10.1115/1.2816600</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fullagar K., Broomfield R., Hulands M., et al. Aero engine test experience with CMSX-4® alloy single-crystal turbine blades / J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. 1996. Vol. 118. N 2. P 380-388. DOI:10.1115/1.2816600</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epishin A., Link Т., Fedelich В., et al. Hot isostatic pressing of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys: mechanism of pore closure and effect on mechanical properties / MATEC Web Conf 2014. Vol. 14. 08003. DOI:10.1051/matecconf/20141408003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epishin A., Link Т., Fedelich В., et al. Hot isostatic pressing of single-crystal nickel-base superalloys: mechanism of pore closure and effect on mechanical properties / MATEC Web Conf 2014. Vol. 14. 08003. DOI:10.1051/matecconf/20141408003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Touratier E, Viguier В., Siret C, et al. Dislocation mechanisms during high temperature creep experiments on MC2 alloy / Adv. Mater. Res. 2011. Vol. 278. P 7-12. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.278.7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Touratier E, Viguier В., Siret C, et al. Dislocation mechanisms during high temperature creep experiments on MC2 alloy / Adv. Mater. Res. 2011. Vol. 278. P 7-12. DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.278.7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jacques A., Trehorel R., Schenk T. High-temperature dislocation climb in the y' rafts of single-crystal superalloys: the hypothesis of a control by dislocation entry into the rafts / Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 2018. Vol. 49. P 4110-4125. DOI:10.1007/s11661-018-4770-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jacques A., Trehorel R., Schenk T. High-temperature dislocation climb in the y' rafts of single-crystal superalloys: the hypothesis of a control by dislocation entry into the rafts / Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 2018. Vol. 49. P 4110-4125. DOI:10.1007Ы1661-018-4770-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гаузнер С. И., Кивилис С. С , Осокина А. П., Павловский А. Н. Измерение массы, объема и плотности. — М.: Изд-во стандартов, 1972. — 623 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gauzner S. I., Kivilis S. S., Osokina A. P., Pavlovskii A. N. Measurement of mass, volume, and density. — Moscow: Izd. standartoy, 1972. — 623 p. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stock S. R. MicroComputed Tomography Methodology and Application. — CRC Press, 2022. — 392 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stock S. R. MicroComputed Tomography Methodology and Application. — CRC Press, 2022. — 392 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camin В., Hansen L. In situ 3D-p-tomography on particle-reinforced light metal matrix composite materials under creep conditions / Metals. 2020. Vol. 10. N 8. P 1034. DOI:10.3390/metl0081034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camin В., Hansen L. In situ 3D-p-tomography on particle-reinforced light metal matrix composite materials under creep conditions / Metals. 2020. Vol. 10. N 8. P 1034. DOI:10.3390/metl0081034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Epishin A., Camin В., Hansen L., et al. Synchrotron sub-p X-ray tomography of Kirkendall porosity in a diffusion couple of nickel-base superalloy and nickel after annealing at 1250°C / Adv. Eng. Mater. 2021. Vol. 23. N 4. 2001220. DOI:10.1002/adem.202001220</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Epishin A., Camin В., Hansen L., et al. Synchrotron sub-p X-ray tomography of Kirkendall porosity in a diffusion couple of nickel-base superalloy and nickel after annealing at 1250°C / Adv. Eng. Mater. 2021. Vol. 23. N 4. 2001220. DOI:10.1002/adem.202001220</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harris K., Erickson G., Sikkenga S., et al. Development of two rhenium containing superalloys for single crystal blade and directionally solidified vane applications in advanced turbine engines / J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 1993. Vol. 4. N 2. P 481-487. DOI:10.1007/BF02661730</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harris K., Erickson G., Sikkenga S., et al. Development of two rhenium containing superalloys for single crystal blade and dfrectionally solidified vane applications in advanced turbine engines / J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 1993. Vol. 4. N 2. P 481-487. DOI:10.1007/BF02661730</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Светлов И. Л., Кулешова Е. А., Монастырский В. П. и др. Влияние направленной кристаллизации на фазовый состав и дисперсность структуры никелевых сплавов / Известия АН СССР. Металлы. 1990. № 1. С. 86-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svetlov I. L., Kuleshova E. A., Monastyrsky V P., et al. The influence of directional solidification on the phase composition and disperse structure of nickel base alloys / Izv. AN SSSR. Metally. 1991. N 1. P 86-93 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гарбер Р. И., Коган В. С , Поляков Л. М. Рост и растворение пор в кристаллах / ЖЭТФ. 1958. Т. 35. № 6. С. 1364-1368.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garber R. I., Kogan V S., Polyakov L. M. Growth and dissolution of pores in crystals / Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 1958. Vol. 35. N 6. P 1364-1368 [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt R. L., Randall J. С , Clever Н. L. The surface tension and density of binary hydrocarbon mixtures: benzene-rehexane and benzene-re-dodecane / J. Phys. Chem. 1966. Vol. 70. P 3912-3916. DOI:10.1021/jl00884a027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schmidt R. L., Randall J. C, Clever H. L. The surface tension and density of binary hydrocarbon mixtures: benzene-rehexane and benzene-re-dodecane / J. Phys. Chem. 1966. Vol. 70. P 3912-3916. DOI:10.1021/jl00884a027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jang G. M., Kim N. I. Surface tension, light absorbance, and effective viscosity of single droplets of water-emulsified re-decane, re-dodecane, and re-hexadecane / Fuel. 2019. Vol. 240. P 1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.11.138</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jang G. M., Kim N. I. Surface tension, light absorbance, and effective viscosity of single droplets of water-emulsified re-decane, re-dodecane, and re-hexadecane / Fuel. 2019. Vol. 240. P 1-9. DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.11.138</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Speight J. G. The properties of water. — Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2020. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-803810-9.00002-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Speight J. G. The properties of water. — Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2020. DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-803810-9.00002-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tanaka M., Girard G., Davis R., et al. Recommended table for the density of water between 0°C and 40°C based on recent experimental reports / Metrologia. 2001. Vol. 38. P 301-309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tanaka M., Girard G., Davis R., et al. Recommended table for the density of water between 0°C and 40°C based on recent experimental reports / Metrologia. 2001. Vol. 38. P 301-309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khasanshin T. S., Shchamialiou A. P., Poddubskij O. G. Thermodynamic Properties of Heavy re-Alkanes in the Liquid State: re-Dodecane. / Int. J. Thermophys. 2003. Vol. 24. P 1277-1289. DOI:10.1023/A:1026199017598</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khasanshin T. S., Shchamialiou A. P., Poddubskij O. G. Thermodynamic Properties of Heavy re-Alkanes in the Liquid State: re-Dodecane. / Int. J. Thermophys. 2003. Vol. 24. P 1277-1289. DOI:10.1023/A:1026199017598</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
