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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zldm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-6861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2588-0187</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство «ТЕСТ-ЗЛ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26896/1028-6861-2024-90-4-53-65</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zldm-2171</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ И СВОЙСТВ. МЕХАНИКА МАТЕРИАЛОВ: ПРОЧНОСТЬ, РЕСУРС, БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TESTING OF STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERS. MECHANICAL TESTING METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ причин хрупкого разрушения труб поверхностей нагрева котлов после длительной эксплуатации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Root cause analysis of the brittle fracture of pipes of boiler heating surfaces after long-term operation</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нечаева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nechaeva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Викторовна Нечаева,</p><p>197101, г. Санкт-Петербург, Пушкарский пер., д. 9.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Nechaeva,</p><p>9, Pushkarskii per., St. Petersburg, 197101.</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna.nechaeva@ruslab.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полянский</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyanskiy</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Анатольевич Полянский,</p><p>199178, г. Санкт-Петербург, Васильевский остров, Большой проспект, д. 61.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir A. Polyanskiy,</p><p>61, Bolshoi pr., Vasilevskii ostrov, St. Petersburg, 199178.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полянский</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyanskiy</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анатолий Митрофанович Полянский,</p><p>194021, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Политехническая, д. 29.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anatoliy M. Polyanskiy,</p><p>29, Politekhnicheskaya ul, St. Petersburg, 194021.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шалагаев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shalagaev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Валерьевич Шалагаев,</p><p>197101, г. Санкт-Петербург, Пушкарский пер., д. 9;</p><p>199178, г. Санкт-Петербург, Васильевский остров, Большой проспект, д. 61.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Shalagaev,</p><p>9, Pushkarskii per., St. Petersburg, 197101;</p><p>61, Bolshoi pr., Vasilevskii ostrov, St. Petersburg, 199178.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яковлев</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakovlev</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юрий Алексеевич Яковлев,</p><p>199178, г. Санкт-Петербург, Васильевский остров, Большой проспект, д. 61.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuriy A. Yakovlev,</p><p>61, Bolshoi pr., Vasilevskii ostrov, St. Petersburg, 199178.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Научно-диагностический центр «Научно-производственная фирма «Русская лаборатория»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«Scientific and Diagnostic Center «Research and Production Firm «Russian Laboratory»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт проблем машиноведения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Problems of Mechanical Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО «НПК ЭПТ»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«NPK EPT»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>АО «Научно-диагностический центр «Научно-производственная фирма «Русская лаборатория»; Институт проблем машиноведения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>«Scientific and Diagnostic Center «Research and Production Firm «Russian Laboratory»; Institute of Problems of Mechanical Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>90</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Нечаева А.В., Полянский В.А., Полянский А.М., Шалагаев В.В., Яковлев Ю.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нечаева А.В., Полянский В.А., Полянский А.М., Шалагаев В.В., Яковлев Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nechaeva A.V., Polyanskiy V.A., Polyanskiy A.M., Shalagaev V.V., Yakovlev Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/2171">https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/2171</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследование причин разрушения энергетического оборудования необходимо для их устранения или ограничения, а также для разработки и совершенствования методов технической диагностики. Последняя особенно важна, так как аварии или незапланированная остановка энергетического оборудования наносят большой экономический ущерб. Стандартные методы технической диагностики при оценке остаточного ресурса оборудования включают: механические испытания вырезанных из деталей оборудования образцов, определение их химического состава, структурные исследования и фрактографию металла. Изучают как изломы специально вырезанных для механических испытаний образцов, так и поверхности разрушения, произошедшего в процессе эксплуатации. Общеизвестна опасность развития водородной хрупкости в металлах. Наличие площадок или фасеток хрупкого разрушения обычно связывают с индуцированным водородом разрушением или с водородным охрупчиванием. Прямые измерения концентрации растворенного в металлических образцах водорода стандартами не предусмотрены, поэтому диагностика развития водородной хрупкости носит лишь качественный характер. Проведенные нами исследования показывают, что стандартных подходов недостаточно для технической диагностики труб поверхностей нагрева котельного оборудования. Накопление водорода в процессе эксплуатации может не иметь видимых признаков коррозии или структурных изменений. Обнаружено, что водород и внешняя термомеханическая нагрузка индуцируют анизотропию механических и структурных свойств сталей труб поверхностей нагрева. В результате характер разрушения вырезанных из стенок труб образцов зависит от ориентации испытательных нагрузок относительно главных осей тензора напряжений эксплуатационных (рабочих) нагрузок. Полученные экспериментальные данные позволяют сделать вывод о том, что при установлении причин аварий и обследовании рабочих теплообменников в целях оценки их остаточного ресурса необходимо дополнительно проводить измерения распределения концентрации растворенного водорода в металле и механические испытания кольцевых образцов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Research into the causes of failure of power equipment is necessary to eliminate or restrict their impact, as well as to develop and improve technical diagnostic methods. The last reason is especially important, since accidents or unscheduled shutdowns of power equipment result in serious damage to the economy. Standard methods of technical diagnostics used to assess the residual life of the equipment include mechanical tests of the samples cut from parts of the equipment, determination of their chemical composition, structural studies and fractography of metal fractures. The danger of hydrogen embrittlement in metals is well known. Presence of the areas of brittle fracture or facets is usually associated with hydrogen-induced fracture or hydrogen embrittlement. Direct measurements of the concentration of hydrogen dissolved in metal samples are beyond the scope of regulatory requirements, thus making quantification of the development of hydrogen embrittlement rather difficult. We have shown that technical diagnostics of the pipes of heating surfaces of boiler equipment necessitates additional approaches to the evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen accumulation during operation may not show visible signs of corrosion or structural changes. It is shown that hydrogen and external thermomechanical load induce the anisotropy in the mechanical and structural properties of the pipe steels. As a result, the nature of the destruction of samples cut from pipe walls depends on the orientation of the test loads relative to the main axes of the stress tensor of operational (working) loads. Experimental data obtained indicate that when determining the causes of accidents and examining heat exchangers to assess their residual life, it is necessary to measure the distribution of the concentration of dissolved hydrogen in the metal and to carry out mechanical tests of ring samples.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>концентрация водорода</kwd><kwd>водородное охрупчивание</kwd><kwd>экранные котельные трубы</kwd><kwd>элементы тепловых станций</kwd><kwd>кольцевые образцы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hydrogen concentration</kwd><kwd>hydrogen embrittlement</kwd><kwd>screen boiler pipes</kwd><kwd>elements of thermal stations</kwd><kwd>ring samples</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках НИОКР для Акционерного общества «Территориальная генерирующая компания № 11» (АО «ТГК-11») по договору № 01.123.720.23. Авторы выражают признательность персоналу АО «ТГК-11» и лично его генеральному директору Владиславу Иосифовичу Полочанскому за оказанную помощь при проведении данного исследования.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolachev B. A. Hydrogen embrittlement of metals. — Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1985. — 216 p. [in Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolachev B. A. Hydrogen embrittlement of metals. — Moscow: Metallurgiya, 1985. — 216 p. [in Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Djukic M. B., Zeravcic V. S., Bakic G. M., et al. Hydrogen damage of steels: a case study and hydrogen embrittlement model / Engineering Failure Analysis. 2015. N 58. P. 485 – 498. 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