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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zldm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-6861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2588-0187</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство «ТЕСТ-ЗЛ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26896/1028-6861-2025-91-2-54-67</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zldm-2395</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ СТРУКТУРЫ И СВОЙСТВ. МЕХАНИКА МАТЕРИАЛОВ: ПРОЧНОСТЬ, РЕСУРС, БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TESTING OF STRUCTURE AND PARAMETERS. MECHANICAL TESTING METHODS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Анализ погрешности и повышение точности определения модулей упругости и сдвига в испытаниях на изгиб коротких образцов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Error analysis in bending tests of short specimens and the new accurate formulas for elastic and shear moduli</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хохлов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khokhlov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрей Владимирович Хохлов</p><p>119192, Москва, Мичуринский проспект, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrew V. Khokhlov</p><p>1, Michurinskii prosp., Moscow, 119192</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andrey-khokhlov@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>НИИ механики МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Mechanics, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>91</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хохлов А.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хохлов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khokhlov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/2395">https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/2395</self-uri><abstract><p>Рассмотрены основы методик определения модулей Юнга и сдвига в испытаниях на трехточечный изгиб, их особенности, источники погрешности, способы их минимизации, разные способы обработки данных испытаний и их влияние на кривую сила – прогиб и определяемые по ней модули упругости. При выводе и анализе зависимости прогиба от отношения l длины пролета к высоте поперечного сечения (произвольной формы) и формул для определения модуля упругости однородного изотропного материала (в частности, льдов, керамик, сплавов и дисперсно-наполненных композитов с металлическими, керамическими и полимерными матрицами) учтено влияние деформаций сдвига на увеличение прогиба, существенное для балок-образцов с l &lt; 10. Дана аналитическая оценка систематической погрешности стандартной методики определения модуля упругости, не учитывающей деформаций сдвига, в зависимости от длины пролета, формы и размера поперечного сечения. Показано, что эта погрешность зависит не от модуля сдвига, а от коэффициента Пуассона материала, и составляет 11 – 15 % для балок с l = 5 и около 5 % — для балок с l = 10, а для материалов с отрицательным коэффициентом Пуассона погрешность значительно меньше. Получены простые уточненные формулы для вычисления модуля упругости, модуля сдвига и коэффициента Пуассона материала по двум испытаниям с разными пролетами, устраняющие систематическую погрешность стандартной методики. Существенно, что формула для модуля упругости не зависит от формы и размеров поперечного сечения образца и требует выполнения всего семи арифметических действий. Продемонстрированы возможность применения и высокая точность новой формулы для определения эффективного продольного модуля упругости волокнистых и слоистых композитов на примере данных испытаний на изгиб трех разных по структуре композитов с различными степенями анизотропии (однонаправленный углепластик, тканевый углепластик и тканевый стеклопластик с объемной долей волокон в 61 – 63 %). Погрешность составила менее 2 – 4 %.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The techniques to measure elastic modulus and shear modulus of a material in bending tests are studied and improved. Assuming specimen has a symmetry plane and a material is homogeneous and isotropic (ice, ceramics, alloys, and dispersion-filled composites with metallic, ceramic or polymer matrices and so on) we examine the manifold of features and peculiarities of bending tests, the factors influencing force – deflection curve and moduli values extracted from its linear part, we examine error sources and capabilities to minimize them and to extend the feasibility range of bending tests. We analyze the theoretic force-deflection curve obtained in three-point bending test in the symmetry plane of a specimen and its dependence on the ratio l of a specimen to the height of its cross-section (of arbitrary shape) taking into account the influence of shear stress and strain on a beam deflection (it is significant for beams with l &lt; 10). The analytical estimate of the systematic error of the standard method for elastic modulus evaluation, which does not account for shear deformations, is obtained as a function of a beam span l and its cross-section shape and size. It is shown that the error depends on the Poisson ratio rather than on shear modulus. For materials with a positive Poisson’s ratio, the error is 11 – 15 % for beams with l = 5 and about 5 % for beams with l = 10. For materials with a negative Poisson’s ratio, the error is significantly lower. The new accurate explicit formulas are derived for simple calculation of elastic modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio of the material based on two tests with different span l, eliminating the systematic error of the standard method. The formula for elastic modulus is independent of specific shape and size of a specimen’s cross-section and require only seven arithmetic operations. The applicability and high accuracy of the new formula for the effective longitudinal elastic modulus of fibrous and layered composites are demonstrated using bending test data of three structurally different composites with varying degrees of anisotropy (unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced plastic, woven carbon fiber-reinforced plastic, and woven glass fiber-reinforced plastic with a fiber volume fraction of 61 – 63 %). The error didn’t exceed 2 – 4 % in any case.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>испытания на изгиб</kwd><kwd>влияние сдвига</kwd><kwd>кривая сила – прогиб</kwd><kwd>модуль упругости</kwd><kwd>модуль сдвига</kwd><kwd>коэффициент Пуассона</kwd><kwd>уточненная методика</kwd><kwd>оценка погрешности</kwd><kwd>композиты</kwd><kwd>керамика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bending tests</kwd><kwd>shear influence</kwd><kwd>force – deflection curve</kwd><kwd>specimen aspect ratio</kwd><kwd>elastic modulus</kwd><kwd>shear modulus</kwd><kwd>error estimate</kwd><kwd>high-accuracy technique</kwd><kwd>composites</kwd><kwd>ceramics</kwd><kwd>fiber-reinforced plastics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Работнов Ю. Н. 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