zldmЗаводская лаборатория. Диагностика материаловIndustrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials1028-68612588-0187ООО «Издательство «ТЕСТ-ЗЛ»10.26896/1028-6861-2026-92-8-5-13zldm-2912Research ArticleАНАЛИЗ ВЕЩЕСТВАSUBSTANCES ANALYSISМетод капиллярного электрофореза для одновременного определения нейропептида ГСБ-106 и гиалуронана при создании назальной лекарственной формыCapillary electrophoresis method for simultaneous determination of neuropeptide GSB-106 and hyaluronan in the preparation of a nasal formulationАнтоноваМ. М.AntonovaM. M.

Антонова Мария Михайловна.

125047, Москва, Миусская пл., д. 9

Maria M. Antonova.

9, Miusskaya pl., Moscow, 125047

antonova.maria.m@mail.ruЕрмоленкоЮ. В.ErmolenkoYu. V.

Ермоленко Юлия Валерьевна.

125047, Москва, Миусская пл., д. 9

Yulia V. Ermolenko.

9, Miusskaya pl., Moscow, 125047

ЖуковаО. А.ZhukovaO. A.

Жукова Ольга Алексеевна.

125047, Москва, Миусская пл., д. 9

Olga A. Zhukova.

9, Miusskaya pl., Moscow, 125047

КовшоваТ. С.KovshovaT. S.

Ковшова Татьяна Сергеевна.

125047, Москва, Миусская пл., д. 9

Tatyana S. Kovshova.

9, Miusskaya pl., Moscow, 125047

МалиновскаяЮ. А.MalinovskayaJ. A.

Малиновская Юлия Александровна.

125047, Москва, Миусская пл., д. 9; 119034, Москва, Кропоткинский пер., д. 23

Julia A. Malinovskaya.

9, Miusskaya pl., Moscow, 125047; 23, Kropotkinsky per., Moscow, 119034

ДеркачВ. С.DerkachV. S.

Деркач Владислав Сергеевич.

125047, Москва, Миусская пл., д. 9

Vladislav S. Derkach.

9, Miusskaya pl., Moscow, 125047

Российский химико-технологический университет им. Д.И. МенделееваРоссияMendeleev Russian University of Chemical TechnologyRussian FederationРоссийский химико-технологический университет им. Д.И. Менделеева; Федеральный медицинский исследовательский центр психиатрии и наркологии им. В.П. Сербского Минздрава РоссииРоссияMendeleev Russian University of Chemical Technology; V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationRussian Federation202630082026928513Copyright © Антонова М.М., Ермоленко Ю.В., Жукова О.А., Ковшова Т.С., Малиновская Ю.А., Деркач В.С., 20262026Антонова М.М., Ермоленко Ю.В., Жукова О.А., Ковшова Т.С., Малиновская Ю.А., Деркач В.С.Antonova M.M., Ermolenko Y.V., Zhukova O.A., Kovshova T.S., Malinovskaya J.A., Derkach V.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/2912

Метод капиллярного электрофореза в варианте капиллярной электрокинетической хроматографии использовали для одновременного определения дипептида ГСБ-106 и гиалуронана натрия с молекулярной массой 130 кДа в составе лекарственной формы, разрабатываемой для интраназальной доставки пептида в ЦНС. Оптимизирован состав фонового электролита (15 ммоль/л тетрабората натрия и 15 ммоль/л додецилсульфата натрия). При положительной полярности пики обоих компонентов на электрофореграмме располагаются в области анионов. Время развития электрофореграммы составляет 10 мин. Разработанная методика позволяет селективно определять оба компонента назальной формы с достаточной чувствительностью; при спектрофотометрическом детектировании пределы определения составляют 8,8 и 76,2 мкг/мл для ГСБ-106 и гиалуронана соответственно. Эффективность определения обоих компонентов оценена числом теоретических тарелок и составляет ~13 000 для ГСБ-106 и ~5500 для гиалуронана. Возможности практического применения методики продемонстрированы при анализе назальной лекарственной формы ГСБ-106. Методика может быть успешно применена для анализа подобных форм на основе гиалуроновой кислоты, в состав которой входят пептиды.

Capillary electrophoresis, using capillary electrokinetic chromatography, was used for the simultaneous quantitative determination of the dipeptide GSB-106 and sodium hyaluronan with a molecular weight of 130 kDa in a dosage form developed for intranasal delivery of the peptide to the central nervous system. An optimized leading electrolyte composition was established: 15 mM sodium tetraborate and 15 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate. With positive polarity, the peaks of both components on the electropherogram are located in the anion region. The electropherogram development time is 10 min. The developed method enables the selective determination of both components of the nasal formulation with sensitivity sufficient for spectrophotometric detection (8.8 μg/mL for GSB-106 and 76.2 μg/mL for hyaluronan). The efficiency of determining both components was estimated using the number of theoretical plates and was ~13,000 for GSB-106 and ~5500 for hyaluronan. The practical application of the method was demonstrated using the nasal dosage form of GSB-106, which is based on hyaluronic acid. The method can be successfully applied to the analysis of similar hyaluronic acid-based formulations containing peptides.

ГСБ-106гиалуроновая кислотакапиллярная электрокинетическая хроматографиякапиллярный электрофорезGSB-106hyaluronic acidcapillary electrokinetic chromatographycapillary electrophoresisРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке РНФ (проект № 25-75-10063). Авторы выражают благодарность Центру коллективного пользования им. Д.И. Менделеева и заведующей лабораторией пептидных регуляторов, д. б. н., профессору, член-корр. РАН Т.А. Гудашевой (НИИ фармакологии им. В.В. Закусова) за предоставленный образец пептида ГСБ-106.ReferencesGudasheva T. A., Povarnina P. Yu., Seredenin S. B. Dipeptide mimetic of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents impairments of neurogenesis in stressed mice / Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2017. Vol. 162. No. 4. P. 454 – 457. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3638-9Gudasheva T. A., Povarnina P. Yu., Seredenin S. B. Dipeptide mimetic of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents impairments of neurogenesis in stressed mice / Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2017. Vol. 162. No. 4. P. 454 – 457. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3638-9Garibova T. L., Kraineva V. A., Kotel’nikova S. O., et al. Behavioral effects of dimeric dipeptide BDNF mimetic GSB-106 in a rat model of depressive-like state / Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2020. Vol. 169. No. 2. P. 286 – 289. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04869-8Garibova T. L., Kraineva V. A., Kotel’nikova S. O., et al. Behavioral effects of dimeric dipeptide BDNF mimetic GSB-106 in a rat model of depressive-like state / Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2020. Vol. 169. No. 2. P. 286 – 289. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04869-8Gudasheva T. A., Povarnina P. Yu., Antipova T. A., et al. Neuroregenerative activity of the dipeptide mimetic of brain- derived neurotrophic factor GSB-106 under experimental ischemic stroke / CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets. 2021. Vol. 20. No. 10. P. 954 – 962. DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210525090904Gudasheva T. A., Povarnina P. Yu., Antipova T. A., et al. Neuroregenerative activity of the dipeptide mimetic of brain- derived neurotrophic factor GSB-106 under experimental ischemic stroke / CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets. 2021. Vol. 20. No. 10. P. 954 – 962. DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210525090904Povarnina P. Yu., Nikiforov D. M., Vorontsova O. N., Gudasheva T. A. Dipeptide BDNF mimetic GSB-106 prevents depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment caused by ischemic stroke in rats / Probl. Biol. Med. Pharm. Chem. 2022. Vol. 25. No. 2. P. 49 – 53 [in Russian]. DOI: 10.29296/25877313-2022-02-08Povarnina P. Yu., Nikiforov D. M., Vorontsova O. N., Gudasheva T. A. Dipeptide BDNF mimetic GSB-106 prevents depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment caused by ischemic stroke in rats / Probl. Biol. Med. Pharm. Chem. 2022. Vol. 25. No. 2. P. 49 – 53 [in Russian]. DOI: 10.29296/25877313-2022-02-08Correale J., Mattera V., Pasquini J. M. Intranasal delivery route for neurodegenerative diseases: recent insights and future directions / Drug Delivery Transl. Res. 2026. Vol. 16. No. 1. P. 76 – 94. DOI: 10.1007/s13346-025-01919-4Correale J., Mattera V., Pasquini J. M. Intranasal delivery route for neurodegenerative diseases: recent insights and future directions / Drug Delivery Transl. Res. 2026. Vol. 16. No. 1. P. 76 – 94. DOI: 10.1007/s13346-025-01919-4Kolyvanov G. B., Zherdev V. P., Gribakina O. G., et al. Comparative preclinical pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of antidepressant GSB-106 tablet form / Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2019. Vol. 167. No. 5. P. 637 – 640. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04587-wKolyvanov G. B., Zherdev V. P., Gribakina O. G., et al. Comparative preclinical pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of antidepressant GSB-106 tablet form / Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2019. Vol. 167. No. 5. P. 637 – 640. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04587-wZherdev V. P., Kolyvanov G. B., Litvin A. A., et al. Pharmacokinetics of dipeptide mimetic BDNF GSB-106 in rats / Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn. 2019. No. 1. P. 37 – 43 [in Russian]. DOI: 10.24411/2587-7836-2019-10038Zherdev V. P., Kolyvanov G. B., Litvin A. A., et al. Pharmacokinetics of dipeptide mimetic BDNF GSB-106 in rats / Pharmacokinet. Pharmacodyn. 2019. No. 1. P. 37 – 43 [in Russian]. DOI: 10.24411/2587-7836-2019-10038Wei S., Zhai Z., Kong X., et al. The review of nasal drug delivery system: The strategies to enhance the efficiency of intranasal drug delivery by improving drug absorption / Int. J. Pharm. 2025. Vol. 676. 125584. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125584Wei S., Zhai Z., Kong X., et al. The review of nasal drug delivery system: The strategies to enhance the efficiency of intranasal drug delivery by improving drug absorption / Int. J. Pharm. 2025. Vol. 676. 125584. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125584Tarasyuk A. V., Sazonova N. M., Shumskii A. N., et al. Physicochemical properties of the original antidepressant GSB-106 and development of a method for the analysis of GSB-106 substance / Pharm. Chem. J. 2019. Vol. 53. No. 1. P. 71 – 78. DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-01958-5Tarasyuk A. V., Sazonova N. M., Shumskii A. N., et al. Physicochemical properties of the original antidepressant GSB-106 and development of a method for the analysis of GSB-106 substance / Pharm. Chem. J. 2019. Vol. 53. No. 1. P. 71 – 78. DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-01958-5Gribakina O. G., Bochkov P. O., Shevchenko R. V., Zherdev V. P. Validation of the HPLC/MS technique for GSB-106 determination in rats’ blood plasma / Éksp. Klin. Farmakol. 2018. Vol. 81. No. S. P. 60 – 61 [in Russian].Gribakina O. G., Bochkov P. O., Shevchenko R. V., Zherdev V. P. Validation of the HPLC/MS technique for GSB-106 determination in rats’ blood plasma / Éksp. Klin. Farmakol. 2018. Vol. 81. No. S. P. 60 – 61 [in Russian].Stefanik O., Majerova P., Kovac A., et al. Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of therapeutic peptides — A review / Electrophoresis. 2024. Vol. 45. Nos. 1 – 2. P. 120 – 164. DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300141Stefanik O., Majerova P., Kovac A., et al. Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of therapeutic peptides — A review / Electrophoresis. 2024. Vol. 45. Nos. 1 – 2. P. 120 – 164. DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300141Alkrad J. A., Merstani Y., Neubert R. H. H. New approaches for quantifying hyaluronic acid in pharmaceutical semisolid formulations using HPLC and CZE / J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002. Vol. 30. No. 4. P. 913 – 919. DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00329-1Alkrad J. A., Merstani Y., Neubert R. H. H. New approaches for quantifying hyaluronic acid in pharmaceutical semisolid formulations using HPLC and CZE / J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2002. Vol. 30. No. 4. P. 913 – 919. DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00329-1Kakehi K., Ueda M., Suzuki S., Honda S. Determination of hyaluronic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography of the oligosaccharides derived therefrom as 1-(4-methoxy)phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone derivatives / J. Chromatogr. 1993. Vol. 630. Nos. 1 – 2. P. 141 – 146. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80449-iKakehi K., Ueda M., Suzuki S., Honda S. Determination of hyaluronic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography of the oligosaccharides derived therefrom as 1-(4-methoxy)phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone derivatives / J. Chromatogr. 1993. Vol. 630. Nos. 1 – 2. P. 141 – 146. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(93)80449-iKühn A. V., Raith K., Sauerland V., Neubert R. H. H. Quantification of hyaluronic acid fragments in pharmaceutical formulations using LC-ESI-MS / J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2003. Vol. 30. No. 5. P. 1531 – 1537. DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00544-7Kühn A. V., Raith K., Sauerland V., Neubert R. H. H. Quantification of hyaluronic acid fragments in pharmaceutical formulations using LC-ESI-MS / J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2003. Vol. 30. No. 5. P. 1531 – 1537. DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00544-7Rothenhöfer M., Grundman M., Bernhardt G., et al. High performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) for the sensitive determination of hyaluronan oligosaccharides / J. Chromatogr. B. 2015. Vol. 988. P. 106 – 115. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.027Rothenhöfer M., Grundman M., Bernhardt G., et al. High performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) for the sensitive determination of hyaluronan oligosaccharides / J. Chromatogr. B. 2015. Vol. 988. P. 106 – 115. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.02.027Ruckmani K., Shaikh S. Z., Khalil P., et al. Determination of sodium hyaluronate in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC-UV / J. Pharm. Anal. 2013. Vol. 3. No. 5. P. 324 – 329. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.02.001Ruckmani K., Shaikh S. Z., Khalil P., et al. Determination of sodium hyaluronate in pharmaceutical formulations by HPLC-UV / J. Pharm. Anal. 2013. Vol. 3. No. 5. P. 324 – 329. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.02.001Çağlar E. Ş., Üstündağ Okur N., Karasulu H. Y. Development and validation of an HPLC method for the determination of hyaluronic acid active substance in pharmaceutical formulations / J. Res. Pharm. 2022. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 112 – 122. DOI: 10.29228/jrp.108Çağlar E. Ş., Üstündağ Okur N., Karasulu H. Y. Development and validation of an HPLC method for the determination of hyaluronic acid active substance in pharmaceutical formulations / J. Res. Pharm. 2022. Vol. 26. No. 1. P. 112 – 122. DOI: 10.29228/jrp.108Ermolenko Yu., Antonova M., Polivanova A., Gelperina S. The method of capillary electrophoresis for quantitative determination of hydrophobized hyaluronic acid in its micellar forms / Anal. Biochem. 2025. Vol. 696. 115684. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115684Ermolenko Yu., Antonova M., Polivanova A., Gelperina S. The method of capillary electrophoresis for quantitative determination of hydrophobized hyaluronic acid in its micellar forms / Anal. Biochem. 2025. Vol. 696. 115684. DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115684ICH Q2(R2). Validation of analytical procedures — Scientific guideline. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/ich-q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures-scientific-guideline (accessed April 7, 2026).ICH Q2(R2). Validation of analytical procedures — Scientific guideline. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/ich-q2r2-validation-analytical-procedures-scientific-guideline (accessed April 7, 2026).OFS.1.1.0012. Validation of analytical procedures / State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (XV ed.). https://meganorm.ru/mega_doc/norm/gosudarstvennaya-farmakopeya/1/ofs_1_1_0012_obshchaya_farmakopeynaya_statya_validatsiya.html?ysclid=mqvbeyrla6278756045 (accessed April 7, 2026) [in Russian].OFS.1.1.0012. Validation of analytical procedures / State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation (XV ed.). https://meganorm.ru/mega_doc/norm/gosudarstvennaya-farmakopeya/1/ofs_1_1_0012_obshchaya_farmakopeynaya_statya_validatsiya.html?ysclid=mqvbeyrla6278756045 (accessed April 7, 2026) [in Russian].Safarov R., Fedotova O., Uvarova A., et al. Review of intranasal active pharmaceutical ingredient delivery systems / Pharmaceuticals. 2024. Vol. 17. No. 9. 1180. DOI: 10.3390/ph17091180Safarov R., Fedotova O., Uvarova A., et al. Review of intranasal active pharmaceutical ingredient delivery systems / Pharmaceuticals. 2024. Vol. 17. No. 9. 1180. DOI: 10.3390/ph17091180Tai J., Han M., Lee D., et al. Different methods and formulations of drugs and vaccines for nasal administration / Pharmaceutics. 2022. Vol. 14. No. 5. 1073. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051073Tai J., Han M., Lee D., et al. Different methods and formulations of drugs and vaccines for nasal administration / Pharmaceutics. 2022. Vol. 14. No. 5. 1073. DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051073Daku Abubakar B., Rosdan B. S. M., Noratigah M., Nurul A. A. Advances in polysaccharide-based formulations for intranasal drug delivery: A review / J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. 2024. Vol. 101. No. 12. 106266. DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106266Daku Abubakar B., Rosdan B. S. M., Noratigah M., Nurul A. A. Advances in polysaccharide-based formulations for intranasal drug delivery: A review / J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. 2024. Vol. 101. No. 12. 106266. DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106266Jin Y.-J., Ubonvan T., Kim D.-D. Hyaluronic acid in drug delivery systems / J. Pharm. Invest. 2010. Vol. 40(spc). P. 33 – 43. DOI: 10.4333/kps.2010.40.S.033Jin Y.-J., Ubonvan T., Kim D.-D. Hyaluronic acid in drug delivery systems / J. Pharm. Invest. 2010. Vol. 40(spc). P. 33 – 43. DOI: 10.4333/kps.2010.40.S.033Di Cicco M., Alicandro G., Claut L., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a new nasal spray formulation containing hyaluronate and tobramycin in cystic fibrosis patients with bacterial rhinosinusitis / J. Cystic Fibrosis. 2014. Vol. 13. No. 4. P. 455 – 460. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2014.02.006Di Cicco M., Alicandro G., Claut L., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a new nasal spray formulation containing hyaluronate and tobramycin in cystic fibrosis patients with bacterial rhinosinusitis / J. Cystic Fibrosis. 2014. Vol. 13. No. 4. P. 455 – 460. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2014.02.006Vlasenko I. V., Menshutina N. V. Development of nasal pharmaceutical products for systemic exposure: use of permeation enhancers to achieve target product profile / Probl. Biol. Med. Pharm. Chem. 2024. Vol. 27. No. 4. P. 3 – 10 [in Russian]. DOI: 10.29296/25877313-2024-04-01Vlasenko I. V., Menshutina N. V. Development of nasal pharmaceutical products for systemic exposure: use of permeation enhancers to achieve target product profile / Probl. Biol. Med. Pharm. Chem. 2024. Vol. 27. No. 4. P. 3 – 10 [in Russian]. DOI: 10.29296/25877313-2024-04-01Gudasheva T. A., Tarasyuk A. V., Pomogaibo S. V., et al. Design and synthesis of dipeptide mimetics of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor / Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem. 2012. Vol. 38. P. 243 – 252. DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012030053Gudasheva T. A., Tarasyuk A. V., Pomogaibo S. V., et al. Design and synthesis of dipeptide mimetics of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor / Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem. 2012. Vol. 38. P. 243 – 252. DOI: 10.1134/s1068162012030053Tallerova A. V., Povarnina P. Yu., Blynskaya E. V., et al. Antidepressant effect of a dipeptide brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor mimetic (GSB-106) in a generic oral dosage form / Pharm. Chem. J. 2018. Vol. 52. No. 5. P. 397 – 399. DOI: 10.1007/s11094-018-1828-zTallerova A. V., Povarnina P. Yu., Blynskaya E. V., et al. Antidepressant effect of a dipeptide brain-derived-neurotrophic-factor mimetic (GSB-106) in a generic oral dosage form / Pharm. Chem. J. 2018. Vol. 52. No. 5. P. 397 – 399. DOI: 10.1007/s11094-018-1828-zPharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal products — Scientific guideline / European Medicines Agency (EMA). https:// www.ema.europa.eu/en/pharmaceutical-quality-inhalation-nasal-products-scientific-guideline (accessed April 7, 2026).Pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal products — Scientific guideline / European Medicines Agency (EMA). https:// www.ema.europa.eu/en/pharmaceutical-quality-inhalation-nasal-products-scientific-guideline (accessed April 7, 2026).Illum L. Nasal drug delivery — Recent developments and future prospects / J. Controlled Release. 2012. Vol. 161. No. 2. P. 254 – 263. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.024Illum L. Nasal drug delivery — Recent developments and future prospects / J. Controlled Release. 2012. Vol. 161. No. 2. P. 254 – 263. DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.024Peer D., Florentin A., Margalit R. Hyaluronan is a key component in cryoprotection and formulation of targeted unilamellar liposomes / Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2003. Vol. 1612. No. 1. P. 76 – 82. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00106-8Peer D., Florentin A., Margalit R. Hyaluronan is a key component in cryoprotection and formulation of targeted unilamellar liposomes / Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2003. Vol. 1612. No. 1. P. 76 – 82. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(03)00106-8Bui V. D., Duong V. H., You D. G., et al. Improving wound healing function and storage stability of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles via lyophilized hyaluronic acid formulation / J. Nanobiotechnol. 2026. Vol. 24. No. 1. 283. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-026-04201-yBui V. D., Duong V. H., You D. G., et al. Improving wound healing function and storage stability of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles via lyophilized hyaluronic acid formulation / J. Nanobiotechnol. 2026. Vol. 24. No. 1. 283. DOI: 10.1186/s12951-026-04201-yMaleki A., Kjøniksen A. L., Nyström B. Effect of pH on the behavior of hyaluronic acid in dilute and semidilute aqueous solutions / Macromol. Symp. 2008. Vol. 274. No. 1. P. 131 – 140. DOI: 10.1002/masy.200851418Maleki A., Kjøniksen A. L., Nyström B. Effect of pH on the behavior of hyaluronic acid in dilute and semidilute aqueous solutions / Macromol. Symp. 2008. Vol. 274. No. 1. P. 131 – 140. DOI: 10.1002/masy.200851418Ward C. N., LeBlanc P. E., Burrell R. E. Effects of composition and pH on the degradation of hyaluronate and carboxymethyl cellulose gels and release of nanocrystalline silver / J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater. 2024. Vol. 22. 91. DOI: 10.1177/22808000241257124Ward C. N., LeBlanc P. E., Burrell R. E. Effects of composition and pH on the degradation of hyaluronate and carboxymethyl cellulose gels and release of nanocrystalline silver / J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater. 2024. Vol. 22. 91. DOI: 10.1177/22808000241257124

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.