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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zldm</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Заводская лаборатория. Диагностика материалов</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1028-6861</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2588-0187</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ООО «Издательство «ТЕСТ-ЗЛ»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-12-5-19</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zldm-849</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АНАЛИЗ ВЕЩЕСТВА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SUBSTANCES ANALYSIS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Определение неметаллических включений в металлических сплавах методом атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с искровым возбуждением (обзор)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Determination of non-metallic inclusions in metal alloys by spark atomic emission spectrometry (review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бокк</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bock</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">bokk@vmk.iae.nsk.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лабусов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Labusov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"/><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">bokk@vmk.iae.nsk.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт автоматики и электрометрии, СО РАН; ВМК-Оптоэлектроника,  ООО</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Automation and Electrometry, SB RAS; VMK-Optoelektronika, LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт автоматики и электрометрии, СО РАН; ВМК-Оптоэлектроника,  ООО; Новосибирский государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Automation and Electrometry, SB RAS; VMK-Optoelektronika, LLC;  Novosibirsk State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>84</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бокк Д.Н., Лабусов В.А., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бокк Д.Н., Лабусов В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bock D.N., Labusov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/849">https://www.zldm.ru/jour/article/view/849</self-uri><abstract><p>Настоящая статья посвящена обзору публикаций по определению неметаллических включений в металлических сплавах методом атомно-эмиссионной спектрометрии с регистрацией спектров единичных искр. Основным преимуществом данного метода является высокая экспрессность (~1 мин на измерение), что позволяет использовать его для производственного контроля. Попадание искрового разряда в неметаллическое включение приводит к резкому возрастанию (вспышкам) интенсивности спектральных линий элементов, составляющих включение, поскольку содержание этих элементов в металлической матрице обычно значительно ниже. Распределение интенсивности спектральной линии элемента, полученное по нескольким тысячам спектров, состоит из двух частей: функции Гаусса, соответствующей содержанию элемента в растворенном виде, и асимметричной добавки в области высоких значений интенсивности, обусловленной включениями. Определение включений построено на допущении, что интенсивность линии элемента в спектре искры пропорциональна его содержанию в массе вещества, испаренной искрой. Таким образом, по градуировочной зависимости, построенной с использованием образцов с аттестованным общим содержанием элемента, можно не только определить доли растворенного и нерастворенного элемента, но и размеры отдельных включений. Однако определение этих размеров ограничено диапазоном 1 – 20 мкм. К тому же в настоящее время определению поддаются в основном только включения, содержащие Al. Трудности возникают как с элементами, которые практически не растворяются в сталях (O, Ca, Mg, S), так и с теми, содержание которых в растворенном виде обычно велико (Si, Mn). Пока невозможно также определение карбидных и нитридных включений в сталях по линиям C и N. Снизить пределы обнаружения включений, содержащих Si и, возможно, Mn, позволяет применение спектрометрии с временныґм разрешением. Использование внутреннего стандарта при определении включений также снижает пределы обнаружения, но может приводить к искажению результатов. Применение твердотельных линейных детекторов излучения вместо фотоумножителей позволило разработать более надежный внутренний стандарт на основе фона в окрестности спектральной линии. Верификация результатов анализа затруднена из-за отсутствия стандартных образцов состава включений. Продолжение исследований позволит расширить номенклатуру определяемых данным методом включений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A review of publications regarding detection of non-metallic inclusions in metal alloys using optical emission spectrometry with single-spark spectrum registration is presented. The main advantage of the method - an extremely short time of measurement (~1 min) – makes it useful for the purposes of direct production control. A spark-induced impact on a non-metallic inclusion results in a sharp increase (flashes) in the intensities of spectral lines of the elements that comprise the inclusion because their content in the metal matrix is usually rather small. The intensity distribution of the spectral line of the element obtained from several thousand of single-spark spectra consists of two parts: i) the Gaussian function corresponding to the content of the element in a dissolved form, and ii) an asymmetric additive in the region of high intensity values ??attributed to inclusions. Their quantitative determination is based on the assumption that the intensity of the spectral line in the single-spark spectrum is proportional to the content of the element in the matter ablated by the spark. Thus, according to the calibration dependence constructed using samples with a certified total element content, it is possible not only to determine the proportions of the dissolved and undissolved element, but also the dimensions of the individual inclusions. However, determination of the sizes is limited to a range of 1 – 20 µm. Moreover, only Al-containing inclusions can be determined quantitatively nowadays. Difficulties occur both with elements hardly dissolved in steels (O, Ca, Mg, S), and with the elements which exhibit rather high content in the dissolved form (Si, Mn). It is also still impossible to determine carbides and nitrides in steels using C and N lines. The use of time-resolved spectrometry can reduce the detection limits for inclusions containing Si and, possibly, Mn. The use of the internal standard in determination of the inclusions can also lower the detection limits, but may distort the results. Substitution of photomultipliers by solid-state linear radiation detectors provided development of more reliable internal standard, based on the background value in the vicinity of the spectral line. Verification of the results is difficult in the lack of standard samples of composition of the inclusions. Future studies can expand the range of inclusions to be determined by this method.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атомно-эмиссионный спектральный анализ</kwd><kwd>неметаллические включения</kwd><kwd>анализ сталей и сплавов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>(PDA-AES) atomic-emission spectroscopy</kwd><kwd>non-metallic inclusions</kwd><kwd>analysis of steels and alloys</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grigorovich K. V. New Possibilities of Modern Methods for Determination of Gas-forming Impurities in Metals / Zavod. Lab. Diagn. Mater. 2007. Vol. 73. N 1. Part II. P. 23 – 34 [in Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grigorovich K. V. New Possibilities of Modern Methods for Determination of Gas-forming Impurities in Metals / Zavod. Lab. Diagn. Mater. 2007. Vol. 73. N 1. Part II. 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