An original method of wave sample preparation of commercial stable gel-containing water-oil emulsions is developed to separate water and oil phases present in the composition for their subsequent analysis. Real samples of commercial stable water-oil emulsions, differing in composition (water content, «gel», iron sulphide and mechanical impurities) are studied. The effect of the intensity and duration of the wave action of different nature on the completeness of phase separation in the real samples of commercial emulsions of different composition are studied. A possibility in principal of isolating oil and water phases from the composition of stable water-oil emulsions stabilized by gel-like associates under wave action (magnetostatic and electromagnetic field, ultrasonic vibrations) is shown. When the water-oil emulsion is exposed to a permanent magnetic field with an induction range of 0.1 – 0.57 T for 1 – 3 minutes, the degree of water isolation from the emulsion samples under study varies from 48 % to 71 %, depending on the composition of the emulsion under study. Similar results are obtained under the effect of electromagnetic field with an induction of 0.1 – 1.0 T. For complete separation of water and oil phases from gel-containing water-oil emulsions, we proposed to use ultrasonic treatment combined with addition of a suspension prepared from aluminum oxide nanopowder in acetonitrile which provide complete destruction of «gel» and 100 % separation of water and oil phases.

A method of visual mercurimetric titration of chloride ions is widely used in elemental microanalysis for determination of chlorine content in organic substances after their combustion in an oxygen-filled flask. However, when chlorine content is less than 0.5%, the mercurimetric method fails to provide essential accuracy, and a more sensitive method of chlorine coulometric titration by electrogenerated silver ions appeared favorable. We consider a possibility of determining the microgram content of chloride-ions in solutions using a digital coulometric analyzer («Expert-006» produced by «Econics-Expert» (Moscow)) supplemented with an electrolytic cell with silver electrodes. The coulometer was tested in different operation modes to select the optimal electrochemical parameters of ion chloride titration and develop a technique for coulometric determination of chloride ions which in combination with the preliminary burning of the analyzed substances in an oxygen-filled flask provides determination of the residual chlorine in organic matrices at a level of 0.1 – 0.5%. The proposed technique was used to determine the residual chlorine in a number of polymers. The relative error did not exceed 5% at chlorine concentrations of 0.16 – 0.28%.

An economical and reliable method for determination of petroleum products (kerosene) in air near the objects of aviation-missile cluster (airfields, test sites of launch vehicles, warehouses of fuel and lubricants) has been developed and tested. Kerosene is preliminarily absorbed from the air with glacial acetic acid, the resulting solution is emulsified in distilled water and photometric study is carried out at 344 or 400 nm in cuvettes with an optical path length of 20 mm. The determination of kerosene is carried out using calibration curves plotted for different grades of aviation and rocket fuel. The interval of measured kerosene concentrations in the air is 25 – 350 mg/m³, the error of determination is less than 20%. The method was tested at a certified laboratory of the Federal State-Funded Budgetary Public Health Facility «Center of hygiene and epidemiology No. 97 FMBA of Russia» and used for monitoring of the air quality in the fuel storage and pumping stations of «Baltimore» airport and manufacturing shop of chemically hazardous production. The results of monitoring of the real objects showed good convergence with the reference method of IR spectrometry.

The possibility of atomic-emission determination of the main components in powder samples with spectra excitation in an AC arc is studied. An arc source of excitation is actually used mainly in approximate-quantitative emission spectral analysis of geological objects for determination of the main components. The goal of the study is to reduce the error of determination of the macro components of the samples when using the aforementioned procedure. The object of the study is a zinc-aluminum-copper catalyst. The spectra are recorded on a DFS-458Cautomated atomic-emission spectrometer. A photoelectron attachment FEP-454 with a CCD-array (Toshiba) is used as a radiation detector in the spectrometer. FEP-454 boasts a system of dynamic accumulation which provides more efficient simultaneous determination of the impurity and sample base components. A calibration curve was constructed using model mixtures for quantitative determination of the matrix elements in real samples. It is shown that the mutual impact of the matrix elements in the arc discharge is almost completely leveled by 16-fold dilution of the samples with a spectrographic buffer. The results of the study prove the possibility of using arc atomic emission analysis for determination both micro- and macro-components in powder samples with a satisfactory accuracy.

Ultrasonic echo-pulse method is used to study the texture changes and Poisson’s coefficients of 15YuTA construction steel upon fatigue failure in the range of high-cycle fatigue. To describe the texture change, pole figures were constructed using the values of the orientation distribution functions (W400 and W420) obtained from the results of precise measurements of the propagation time of elastic bulk waves in sheet materials. The intensity ratio in the center of the pole figure and the point remote from the center of the pole figure by 45° along the rolling direction was used as a parameter characterizing the texture sharpness. It is shown that change in the texture sharpness is attributed to the development of microplastic strain and accumulation of the microdamages. A nonmonotonic dependence of the change in the texture sharpness on the number of loading cycles is observed. At the initial stage of loading, there is some increase in the sharpness of the texture, which can be attributed to the development of micro-strains on the most favorably oriented sliding planes. At the second stage, a decrease in the texture sharpness is associated with the scattering of the texture as the density of microdefects increases during the destruction of the alloy. The parameter characterizing the texture sharpness can be used as a pre-destruction indicator when monitoring the material of the structure by the ultrasonic method.

Methods of differential thermal analysis (DTA) and measurement of the melt viscosity are widely used in studying the properties of alloys at high temperatures. We have made an attempt to combine those two complementary methods of research. In contrast to the single-stranded Shvidkovskii viscometer, a bifilar suspension on two thermocouple wires is used in the proposed construction of the installation. The system based on the bifilar suspension provides using thermocouple in contact with the crucible with a sample, thus ensuring measurements of the crucible temperature like the measuring cell in DTA. The adjusting thermocouple located near the coil of a bifilar heater is used as a reference thermocouple. Since thermal analysis requires linear heating at a constant rate, and the viscosity is usually measured in a steady-state (steady-state) regime with long exposures at each measurement temperature, a series of dynamic viscosity determinations with a heating rate of 1, 2, 3 and 5 °C/min is carried out, the heating rates of 1 and 2 °C/min being approximately equal to the average heating rate under steady-state conditions. It is shown that when measuring in a dynamic mode at a heating rate up to 3 °C/min, the viscosity curves coincide with the measurement data in a steady-state mode, and the results of the thermal analysis (experimental setup) are consistent with the data of DTA (STA 409 setup). Results of measuring the logarithmic decrement of vibrations for Cu – 7.3% P alloy and data of thermal analysis are presented. Data of thermal analysis obtained on our experimental setup coincide completely with the DTA results obtained on a STA 409 unit. A model experiment carried out to explain the delay of growth of the logarithmic damping decrement at the beginning of melting and sharp decrease at the beginning of crystallization indicates to the effect of blocking free flow of the liquid melt component by the solid skeleton having a higher melting point.

Current theories of heterogeneous media consider non-uniform materials as natural and artificially synthesizable structures. Nowadays, synthesis of the non-uniform multicomponent materials with given electrodynamic properties and characterized by magnetic and dielectric permeability, is gaining increasing development. When modeling a multicomponent structure as a uniform material with effective dielectric permeability (ignoring the magnetic properties) using the developed models for the components with known dielectric permeability, the errors arise in calculation of the transmission coefficient of a plane wave through the antenna dome wall. We present a heuristic model based on the laws of optics which is intended for simultaneous determination of the effective magnetic and dielectric permeability of multicomponent material in contrast to known models describing statistically non-uniform media only for one electrodynamic parameter. The electrodynamic model developed for description of the effective magnetic and dielectric permeability of non-uniform material suggests a possibility of characterizing a polarized material with the total dipole moment arising in alternating field and expressing the Brewster angle as a the sum of the polarization angles proportional to volume content the mixture components.

A method of modeling aggressive atmospheres used for different tests in corrosive environments close as possible to actual full-scale conditions is proposed. The method provides simulation of air atmospheres containing gaseous corrosion stimulants (CS) as microcomponents of air. The content of SCs in such atmospheres (both separately and together) can be set and maintained at an unchanged level within a wide range for as long as desired. The method is based on Henry’s equation characterizing concentration of the gas dissolved in a liquid phase as a function of the gas partial pressure in the equilibrium gas medium with allowance for the solubility of the corrosion stimulants in water in conditions under consideration. The procedure is easy to use and does not require long special training. Samples of corrosion stimulants NH₃, CO₂, and H₂S are considered. Experimental results characterizing the corrosion rate of St3 carbon steel and copper with one or several CS simultaneously present in air atmosphere, as well as data on the efficiency of volatile inhibitors of «IFHAN» series under similar conditions are presented.

The results of analysis of the residual life of crane girders with operational defects based on numerical studies of the stress-strain state, equations of limiting states, and kinetic dependences of the fatigue crack development, based on the criteria of deformation and fracture mechanics are presented. High level of wear of the fixed capital assets of engineering constructions and metal structures as well as operation of the facilities in beyond-design-basis terms contribute to origination of the emergency situations caused by damage accumulation. Crane girders operated under emergency conditions due to the fatigue cracks of different lengths present in the most dangerous zones of the beam wall with an eccentric application of crane load are studied. The results of the numerical experiment revealed the lines of tension intensity impact at the crack tip appeared at the upper zone of the wall at different values of the loading eccentricity attributed to the rail shift from the vertical axis of the beam. The dependence of the length of the fatigue crack and stress intensity in the crack tip on the number of load cycles of the beam is determined. To assess the bearing capacity of crane girders operated in emergency conditions, it is suggested to use the effective values of the stress intensity factors calculated for the specific loading conditions, taking into account the structural features of the beams, size of the fatigue cracks and their location in the crane girders. Proceeding from the results of analysis the diagrams which provide of the remaining residual life of crane girders with a crack are constructed. Using traditional methods of structure calculation for cyclic fracture toughness we developed and implemented the calculation algorithm for individual lifetime of the crane girders which includes the obligatory analysis of the stress-strain state of the crane girders with a crack at the upper zone of the wall.

The effect of changes in the chemical composition and structure of structural steel on the results of magnetic control of the stress-strain state of the metal is studied using data on the field strength of the residual magnetization. It is shown that data of magnetic control reveal changes in the stress-strain state of the metal in the region with significant changes in the structure and chemical composition. This approach is based on the control of the electrical conductivity of the metal, which is highly sensitive to changes in the structure, phase and chemical composition of structural steel. In the field of significant changes in the electrical conductivity of the metal, additional experimental studies should be carried out, including optical metallography and X-ray spectral analysis of metal samples, the results of which are analyzed in combination with the obtained data of magnetic control of the stress-strain state of the metal and thus determine the reason for the origin of the stress state in the local area of the steel product, which is important in the technical examination of steel products and elements of metal structures. It has been shown experimentally that a significant increase in the carbon content in the chemical composition of structural steel changes the electrical and magnetic parameters, but almost does not touch the magnetoelastic sensitivity of the field strength of the residual magnetization of the metal that matches theoretical considerations. We assume that this is also valid for constant and random impurities in the chemical composition of steel, if change in their content does not significantly affect the magnetoelastic sensitivity of the field strength of the residual magnetization of the metal.

A method of ultrasonic control of the mechanical stresses which takes into account the heterogeneity of the material structure and does not require unloading of the structure or using reference samples is considered. The procedure is based on echo-method of measuring time of the bulk elastic wave propagation and determination of the relative values ν31 and ν32 related to the material structure and mechanical stresses. It is shown that stresses violate the linearity of the relationship observed between the parameters in the absence of the mechanical stresses in the rolled material. This effect formed a basis for developing a method of the deviator stress determination. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate the main advantages of the developed method against the known ultrasonic techniques used for evaluation of the mechanical stresses, give theoretical grounds to the effect which allows taking into account the heterogeneity of the material structure, and also to exemplify the procedure. An analytical expression is derived using bulk elastic wave velocity in an orthotropic material composed of cubic crystallites and an assumption on the existence of simple proportional relationship between the coefficients of the orientation distribution function in rolled metal. Presented results of the mathematical modeling confirm the experimentally observed linear dependence between the parameters ν31 and ν32 in the absence of mechanical stresses. The results of evaluating residual stresses in a welded steel plate are presented as an example of the applicability of the developed procedure. Data of ultrasonic technique and data of strain gage measurements are compared. The features of the described method of stress determination are marked and the applicability limits are specified.

The publication activity of the leading countries in the field of quantum technologies (QT), which include quantum computers and simulators, quantum sensors, quantum data transmission, and quantum metrology is analyzed. A general characteristic of the subject domain and scientometric analysis is carried out using the research chops from the Web of Science database covering the period 2000 – 2016. The sample of bibliographic publications is used to (i) estimate the growth rate of publications on QT in the leading countries (for the indicated period of time), (ii) identify the leading states in the number of publications (on the above-mentioned main directions of QT development), and (iii) determine the publication activity of Russia and the intensity of international cooperation. The results of the research demonstrated, that the USA and China are the leading countries in the field of quantum technologies. Regression dependences are constructed which provide forecasting and description of the functions reflecting the increasing number of publications in aforementioned countries. Using the criterion of signs and the Wilcoxon test for coupled pairs of observations, the hypothesis of significant differences in the publication activity of the United States and China was tested. Both tests at the level of significance α = 0.05 did not reveal significant discrepancies between the number of articles in the US and China on the twelve topics of the Web of Science database. At the same time, a significant advantage of American scientists in the number of publications in the field of quantum computations and creation of a universal quantum computer has been revealed. The primacy in this area is the main condition of «quantum» domination, which implies a significant acceleration of calculations, primarily, decryption of most of the algorithms used to protect information.

The problem of assessing tightness of the interdependence between random vectors of different dimensionality is considered. These random vectors can obey arbitrary multidimensional continuous distribution laws. An analytical expression is derived for the coefficient of tightness of the interdependence between random vectors. It is expressed in terms of the coefficients of determination of conditional regressions between the components of random vectors. For the case of Gaussian random vectors, a simpler formula is obtained, expressed through the determinants of each of the random vectors and determinant of their association. It is shown that the introduced coefficient meets all the basic requirements imposed on the degree of tightness of the interdependence between random vectors. This approach is more preferable compared to the method of canonical correlations providing determination of the actual tightness of the interdependence between random vectors. Moreover, it can also be used in case of non-linear correlation dependence between the components of random vectors. The measure thus introduced is rather simply interpretable and can be applied in practice to real data samplings. Examples of calculating the tightness of the interdependence between Gaussian random vectors of different dimensionality are given.